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CCOT Prompt
Analyze continuities and changes in nationalist ideology and practice in ONE of the following regions from the First World War to the present:
• Middle East
• Southeast Asia
• Sub-Saharan Africa
China
India
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During the 1920s and 1930s, after the Great War and during the Great Depression, intellectuals and political activists in Asia, Africa, and Latin America challenged the ideological and economic underpinnings of European imperialism and neo-colonialism, as nationalist and anti-imperialist movements gained strength on each of these continents.
- In Asia, Japan's militarist leaders sought to build national strength through imperial expansion. In China, the Ming dynasty ended, giving rise to a civil war fought between adherents of competing visions of the new Chinese state. Japanese imperial aggression complicated the progress of this war. In India, a strong nationalist movement began to threaten the hold of the British Empire on the subcontinent.
- In Africa, European imperialists tightened their control of colonial possessions, as African economic life became more tightly enmeshed in the global economy. With the onset of the Great Depression, European countries that controlled the export of African products experienced dramatic decreases in trade volume and commodity prices and, consequently, African peoples suffered. Meanwhile, African peoples challenged European imperial authority and developed competing visions of national identity and unity that would come to fruition after World War II.
- In Latin America, statesmen and political activists worked to alter the neo-colonialist economic domination of the United States, their "good neighbor" to the north. Neo-colonialism, which often featured military intervention and political interference, compromised the independent political and economic development of Latin American states, but it did not prevent nationalist leaders from developing strategies to counter new forms of imperialism.
Indian National Congress and Muslim League
Ghandi
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Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification and social protest. Gandhi's vision of a free India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India.[6] Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire[6] was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority Indiaand Muslim Pakistan.[7] As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78,[8] also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan.[8] Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating.[8][9] Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at point-blank range.[ |
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Amritsar Massacre
was a seminal event in the British rule of India. On 13 April 1919, a crowd of non-violent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh garden in Amritsar, Punjab to protest the arrest of two leaders despite a curfew which had been recently declared.[1] On the orders of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, the army fired on the crowd for ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to run out. The dead numbered between 370 and 1,000, or possibly more. This "brutality stunned the entire nation",[2] resulting in a "wrenching loss of faith" of the general public in the intentions of Britain.[3] The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fuelled widespread anger, leading to the Non-co-operation movement of 1920–22.[4] On Sunday, 13 April 1919, Dyer was convinced of a major insurrection and he banned all meetings, however this notice was not widely disseminated.[5] That was the day of Baisakhi, the main Sikh festival, and many villagers had gathered in the Bagh. On hearing that a meeting had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, Dyer went with fifty Gurkha riflemen to a raised bank and ordered them to shoot at the crowd. Dyer continued the firing for about ten minutes, until the ammunition supply was almost exhausted; Dyer stated that 1,650 rounds had been fired, a number which seems to have been derived by counting empty cartridge cases picked up by the troops.[6] Official British Indian sources gave a figure of 379 identified dead,[6] with approximately 1,100 wounded. The casualty number estimated by the Indian National Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 dead.[7] |
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The Salt March, also mainly known as the Salt Satyagraha, began with the Dandi March on 12 March 1930, and was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly in colonial India, and triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement. This was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920–22, and directly followed the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence by the Indian National Congress on 26 January 1930.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (commonly called Mahatma Gandhi) led the Dandi march from his base, Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad, to the coastal village of Dandi, located at a small town called Navsari, in the state of Gujarat. As he continued on this 24-day, 240-mile (390 km) march to produce salt without paying the tax, growing numbers of Indians joined him along the way. When Gandhi broke the salt laws at 6:30 am on 5 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the British Raj salt laws by millions of Indians.[1] The campaign had a significant effect on changing world and British attitude towards Indian independence[2][3] and caused large numbers of Indians to join the fight for the first time. |
SUGGESTIONS FOR RESOURCES
Besides the works cited in the chapter bibliography, you might find the following books helpful:
On Africa
Adi, Hakim. Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787.
Balogh, Andras. A Political History of National Liberation Movements in Asia and Africa, 1914-1985.
Bennett, Norman. Africa and Europe: From Roman Times to National Independence.
Birmingham, David. Kwame Nkrumah, the Father of African Nationalism.
DeLancey, Mark. Cameroon: Dependence and Independence.
Garvey, Marcus. I, Marcus Garvey.
Isaacman, Allen. Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900-1982.
Kluback, William. Léopold Sédar Senghor: From Politics to Poetry.
Lewis, Ruper and Patrick Bryan, eds. Garvey, His Work and Impact.
Lewis, Rupert and Maureen Warner-Lewis, eds. Garvey: Africa, Europe and the Americas.
Lewis, Rupert. Marcus Garvey: Anti-colonial Champion.
Maddox, Gregory. African Nationalism and Revolution.
Tinker, Hugh. Men Who Overturned Empires: Fighters, Dreamers and Schemers.
Welliver, Timothy. African Nationalism and Independence.
White, Dorothy Shipley. Black Africa and De Gaulle: From the French Empire to Independence.
Worger, William, Nancy L. Clark and Edward A. Alpers, eds. Africa and the West: A Documentary History from the Slave Trade to Independence.
On Asia
Balogh, Andras. A Political History of National Liberation Movements in Asia and Africa, 1914-1985.
Becker, Jasper. Hungry Ghosts: Mao’s Secret Famine.
Bergere, Marie-Claire. Sun Yat-sen.
Chen, Leslie Dingyan. Chen Jiongming and the Federalist Movement: Regional Leadership and Nation Building in Early Republican China.
Chiang Kai-shek, China’s Destiny.
Mao Zedong, The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949–1976.
Solomon, Richard. Mao’s Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture.
On Latin America
Alcántara, Isabel. Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera.
Clark, Paul Coe Jr. The United States and Somoza, 1933-1956.
Curry, Earl. Hoover’s Dominican Diplomacy and the Origins of the Good Neighbor Policy.
Diederich, Bernard. Somoza and the Legacy of U.S. Involvement in Central America.
Folgarait, Leonard. Mural Painting and Social Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940.
Green, David. The Containment of Latin America.
Grow, Michael. The Good Neighbor Policy and Authoritarianism in Paraguay.
Mariátegui, José Carlos. The Heroic and Creative Meaning of Socialism, Michael Pearlman, tr.
Marnham, Patrick. Dreaming with his Eyes Open: A Life of Diego Rivera.
Mohandas Ghandi, An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth.
Pike, Frederick. FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos.
Roorda, Eric. The Dictator Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930-1945.
Somoza, Anastasio. Nicaragua Betrayed.
Stein, William W. Dance in the Cemetary: José Carlos Mariátegui and the Lima Scandal of 1917.
Vanden, Harry. National Marxism in Latin America.
Walter, Knut. The Regime of Anastasio Somoza, 1936-1956.
The following films from the Films for the Humanities and Social Sciences should prove useful:
Airplanes and the Rising Sun; China: The Agony of a Giant.
On Africa
Adi, Hakim. Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787.
Balogh, Andras. A Political History of National Liberation Movements in Asia and Africa, 1914-1985.
Bennett, Norman. Africa and Europe: From Roman Times to National Independence.
Birmingham, David. Kwame Nkrumah, the Father of African Nationalism.
DeLancey, Mark. Cameroon: Dependence and Independence.
Garvey, Marcus. I, Marcus Garvey.
Isaacman, Allen. Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900-1982.
Kluback, William. Léopold Sédar Senghor: From Politics to Poetry.
Lewis, Ruper and Patrick Bryan, eds. Garvey, His Work and Impact.
Lewis, Rupert and Maureen Warner-Lewis, eds. Garvey: Africa, Europe and the Americas.
Lewis, Rupert. Marcus Garvey: Anti-colonial Champion.
Maddox, Gregory. African Nationalism and Revolution.
Tinker, Hugh. Men Who Overturned Empires: Fighters, Dreamers and Schemers.
Welliver, Timothy. African Nationalism and Independence.
White, Dorothy Shipley. Black Africa and De Gaulle: From the French Empire to Independence.
Worger, William, Nancy L. Clark and Edward A. Alpers, eds. Africa and the West: A Documentary History from the Slave Trade to Independence.
On Asia
Balogh, Andras. A Political History of National Liberation Movements in Asia and Africa, 1914-1985.
Becker, Jasper. Hungry Ghosts: Mao’s Secret Famine.
Bergere, Marie-Claire. Sun Yat-sen.
Chen, Leslie Dingyan. Chen Jiongming and the Federalist Movement: Regional Leadership and Nation Building in Early Republican China.
Chiang Kai-shek, China’s Destiny.
Mao Zedong, The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949–1976.
Solomon, Richard. Mao’s Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture.
On Latin America
Alcántara, Isabel. Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera.
Clark, Paul Coe Jr. The United States and Somoza, 1933-1956.
Curry, Earl. Hoover’s Dominican Diplomacy and the Origins of the Good Neighbor Policy.
Diederich, Bernard. Somoza and the Legacy of U.S. Involvement in Central America.
Folgarait, Leonard. Mural Painting and Social Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940.
Green, David. The Containment of Latin America.
Grow, Michael. The Good Neighbor Policy and Authoritarianism in Paraguay.
Mariátegui, José Carlos. The Heroic and Creative Meaning of Socialism, Michael Pearlman, tr.
Marnham, Patrick. Dreaming with his Eyes Open: A Life of Diego Rivera.
Mohandas Ghandi, An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth.
Pike, Frederick. FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos.
Roorda, Eric. The Dictator Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930-1945.
Somoza, Anastasio. Nicaragua Betrayed.
Stein, William W. Dance in the Cemetary: José Carlos Mariátegui and the Lima Scandal of 1917.
Vanden, Harry. National Marxism in Latin America.
Walter, Knut. The Regime of Anastasio Somoza, 1936-1956.
The following films from the Films for the Humanities and Social Sciences should prove useful:
Airplanes and the Rising Sun; China: The Agony of a Giant.